Description: This photograph from the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus is of 33-year-old parolee Norman Walker. His formal attire suggests that the photograph was taken during his trial or sentencing. Walker, convicted of murdering a Valley View patrolman in Independence, was the 302nd individual to be executed via the electric chair in Ohio. The caption at the bottom reads: “No. 302 Norman E. Walker Cuyahoga County, Ohio, Legally Electro-cuted Janaury 3, 1958, for the Murder of Police Officer Garner M. Robertson” In 1885 the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus, Ohio, became the location for all executions, which previously took place in the various county seats. In 1896 the Ohio General Assembly mandated that electrocution replace hanging as the form of capital punishment. The Ohio Penitentiary regularly offered tours as well as souvenir photographs and postcards of the building and prisoners on death row. A total of 315 prisoners, both men and women, were executed in the electric chair known as “Old Sparky” between 1897 and 1963. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL08354
Subjects: Ohio History--State and Local Government--Law; Capital punishment--Ohio--History; Death row; Electrocution; Ohio History--State and Local Government--Corrections; Ohio Penitentiary (Columbus, Ohio); Prisons--Ohio
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio); Valley View (Ohio); Independence (Ohio); Cuyahoga County (Ohio)
 

Description: Flat, roughly oval sandstone cobble has concave chipped indentations on opposite sides of the edge. It was used as to sink fishnets. Item was excavated at Tuttle Hill in Independence Township, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07317
Subjects: Cuyahoga County (Ohio); Ohio History--Natural and Native Ohio; Fishing & hunting gear; American Indian history and society
Places: Independence Township (Ohio); Cuyahoga County (Ohio)
 

Description: Small ceramic elbow pipe has a bowl angle greater than 90 degrees. The base is tapered and rectangular in cross-section. The bowl is more cylindrical. It is reddish brown in color. Item was excavated at Tuttle Hill in Independence Township, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07318
Subjects: Cuyahoga County (Ohio); Ohio History--Natural and Native Ohio; American Indian history and society; Pipes (Smoking); Archaeology
Places: Independence Township (Ohio); Cuyahoga County (Ohio)
 

Description: U-shaped fishhook was carved from an animal bone. One end has a sharp point, and the other end has a flared collar that is 5 mm in length. The collar served as a point of attachment for a fishing line. The bone is very pale brown in color. Item was excavated at Tuttle Hill in Independence Township, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07319
Subjects: Cuyahoga County (Ohio); Ohio History--Natural and Native Ohio; Fishing--Ohio; American Indian history and society
Places: Independence Township (Ohio); Cuyahoga County (Ohio)
 

Description: Large, complete shell-tempered ceramic vessel is dark gray and reddish yellow in color. The rim is notched, possibly with a finger. Below the rim is an applied strip, also notched. There is a slight narrowing at the neck. Shoulders are rounded. Long body tapers to a narrow base. Body exterior still shows evidence of coiling method; interior is smooth. Item was found at the South Park Village Site in Independence Township, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07320
Subjects: Ohio History--Natural and Native Ohio; Tools; American Indian history and society; Archaeology
Places: Independence Township (Ohio); Cuyahoga County (Ohio)
 

Description: Berkeley Plantation in Charles County, Virginia, ca. 1920-1960. It was the birthplace of William Henry Harrison, the 9th President of the United States. Harrison was born on February 9, 1773. His father was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06230
Subjects: Harrison, William Henry, 1773-1841; Ohio History--Presidents and Politics
Places: Charles City County (Virginia)
 

Description: This memorial to explorer John Wesley Powell is located near the county courthouse in Jackson, Ohio. Completed in 1938, the monument is built of stones donated by the Improved Order of Red Men. The image measures 2.75" x 2.75" (6.99 x 6.99 cm). Powell (1834-1902) was born in New York, but moved to Jackson with his family when he was four years old. He became interested in natural history as a boy and pursued a career in the field, becoming a curator at the Illinois State Natural History Society in 1858. He served in the Civil War, sustaining a serious wound in the Battle of Shiloh that required the amputation of his right forearm. In 1869, he took a team to explore the southwestern United States and became one of the first white men to navigate the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon. From 1880 to 1894 Powell served as director of the United States Geological Survey and as director of the Smithsonian's Bureau of Ethnology from 1880 to 1902. The Improved Order of Red Men is one of the oldest fraternal organizations in the United States. It is supposedly descended from the Sons of Liberty, which during the colonial period worked secretly to achieve independence from England. The Ohio Council was organized in 1853, six years after the national organization, the Great Council of the United States, was founded in Maryland. Freedom, friendship, and charity were its main concerns. Its rituals and terminology were borrowed from American Indians, who were excluded from membership. Prominent members claimed by the order include Theodore Roosevelt, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was adopted in 1930 at the DeWitt Clinton Hotel in Columbus. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: Om3022_3636510_001
Subjects: Arts and Entertainment; Geography and Natural Resources; Monuments & memorials; Explorers; Powell, John Wesley, 1834-1902; Rocks; Fraternal orders
Places: Jackson (Ohio); Jackson County (Ohio)
 

Description: Reber Hotel in Upper Sandusky, Ohio, during a patriotic celebration, possibly Independence Day. Originally constructed by W. W. Bates in 1848, the hotel building had gone through several proprietors and name changes before Albert Reber purchased it around 1900 and renamed it the Reber Hotel, also sometimes referred to as the Reber House. Photograph by Harry Evan Kinley (1882-1969), a native of Upper Sandusky. Kinley was active in local events and organizations, and spent his professional career as a clerk at his father's department store, and later as a travelling salesman for the Marion Paper & Supply Company (1934-1962). He was also an avid lifelong photographer, and the bulk of the Harry Kinley Collection is comprised of glass plate negatives documenting the Kinley family, the city of Upper Sandusky and Wyandot County and surrounding areas. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07772
Subjects: Ohio Economy--Architecture and Engineering; Historic buildings--Ohio; Photographers--Ohio; Upper Sandusky (Ohio); Hotels;
Places: Upper Sandusky (Ohio); Wyandot County (Ohio)
 

Description: Photograph showing a boat in front of a dam, which is a structure use to control the flow of water and/or store water. The caption beneath the photograph reads: "Independence Dam| South End." This photograph is part of a series taken by the Board of the Ohio Department of Public Works to document the disrepair of the infrastructure of the Ohio and Erie Canal and Miami-Erie Canal systems in 1916, showing the physical condition of each structure. The Ohio Department of Public Works is one of the oldest departments of state government in continuous existence. Among its other duties, this department was charged with maintenance and administration of the Ohio & Erie and Miami-Erie Canals. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA936AV_B01_043
Subjects: Waterworks; Rivers; Canals; Lakes & ponds; Dams; Boats; Ohio Economy--Transportation and Development
Places: Defiance (Ohio); Defiance County (Ohio)
 

Description: Photograph showing a dam, which is a structure use to control the flow of water and/or store water. The caption beneath the photograph reads: "Independence Dam." The attached description located on the back of another page reads: "PHOTOGRAPHS No's 41 and 42.| INDEPENDENCE DAM EAST OF DEFIANCE.| The north abutment to said dam is being washed away, owing to eddies being formed as the water passes over the crest of the dam. A continuation of abutment wing-wall together with sufficient backfill will obviate this difficulty." This photograph is part of a series taken by the Board of the Ohio Department of Public Works to document the disrepair of the infrastructure of the Ohio and Erie Canal and Miami-Erie Canal systems in 1916, showing the physical condition of each structure. The Ohio Department of Public Works is one of the oldest departments of state government in continuous existence. Among its other duties, this department was charged with maintenance and administration of the Ohio & Erie and Miami-Erie Canals. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA936AV_B01_042
Subjects: Waterworks; Rivers; Lakes & ponds; Canals; Dams; Bridges; Ohio Economy--Transportation and Development
Places: Defiance (Ohio); Defiance County (Ohio)
 

Description: Photograph showing a dam, which is a structure use to control the flow of water and/or store water. The caption beneath the photograph reads: "Independence Dam-North End." The attached description located on the back of the page reads: "PHOTOGRAPHS No's 41 and 42.| INDEPENDENCE DAM EAST OF DEFIANCE.| The north abutment to said dam is being washed away, owing to eddies being formed as the water passes over the crest of the dam. A continuation of abutment wing-wall together with sufficient backfill will obviate this difficulty." TThis photograph is part of a series taken by the Board of the Ohio Department of Public Works to document the disrepair of the infrastructure of the Ohio and Erie Canal and Miami-Erie Canal systems in 1916, showing the physical condition of each structure. The Ohio Department of Public Works is one of the oldest departments of state government in continuous existence. Among its other duties, this department was charged with maintenance and administration of the Ohio & Erie and Miami-Erie Canals. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA936AV_B01_041
Subjects: Waterworks; Rivers; Lakes & ponds; Canals; Dams; Bridges; Ohio Economy--Transportation and Development
Places: Defiance (Ohio); Defiance County (Ohio)
 

Description: This photograph gives an aerial view of the site on which Fort Gower was built in 1774. Located at the confluence of the Hocking and Ohio Rivers, the site is downstream from Hockingport, Ohio, in Athens County. England, in order to maintain control of its colonies and to protect Native American homelands, prohibited American colonists from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains in the Proclamation of 1763. However, following the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768), white settlers immediately moved into the Ohio Country. Violence quickly began in the disputed area as the Native Americans, especially the Shawnee and Seneca-Cayuga, tried to drive the English colonists back to the east side of the Appalachian Mountains. In August 1774, Pennsylvania militia entered the Ohio Country and quickly destroyed seven villages of the Seneca-Cayuga Indians, which had been abandoned as the soldiers approached. At the same time, Lord Dunmore, royal governor of Virginia Colony, sent one thousand men to the Little Kanawha River in modern-day West Virginia to build a fort and to attack the Shawnee. Cornstalk, a Shawnee leader, sent nearly one thousand warriors to drive Dunmore's force from the region. The two sides met on October 10, 1774, at what became known as the Battle of Point Pleasant. After several hours of intense fighting, the English drove Cornstalk's followers north of the Ohio River. Dunmore, with a large force of his own, followed the Shawnees across the river into the Ohio Country. Upon nearing the Shawnee villages on the Pickaway Plains north of modern-day Chillicothe, and near what is now Circleville, Ohio, Dunmore stopped. From his encampment named Camp Charlotte, Dunmore requested that the Shawnee come to him and discuss a peace treaty. As a result of this war, some Shawnee Indians agreed to the terms of the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) and promised to give up some of their lands east and south of the Ohio River. This was the first time that some of the natives who actually lived in the Ohio Country agreed to relinquish some of their land. This military campaign came to be known as Lord Dunmore's War. As Dunmore's soldiers were returning to Virginia, they stopped where the Hocking River joins the Ohio River. There the soldiers built Fort Gower. While the men were building the fort, they learned that the First Continental Congress had ordered the boycott of any goods from England as a response to the Coercive Acts, including the Quebec Act, which England issued in 1774. Most of the soldiers agreed with the action of the Continental Congress. The men recorded their sentiments in a document known as the Fort Gower Resolutions, officially recorded on November 5, 1774. The Virginians wrote the Fort Gower Resolutions for a number of reasons. Chief among them was England's policy on the Ohio Country. Many people living east of the Appalachian Mountains looked at the Ohio Country as a place to start a new life in a new land. The Fort Gower Resolutions were an expression of the increasing spirit of American independence as the American Revolution was about to begin. The resolutions reads: “Resolved, that we will bear the most faithful allegiance to His Majesty, King George the Third, whilst His Majesty delights to reign over a brave and free people; that we will, at the expense of life, and everything dear and valuable, exert ourselves in support of his crown, and the dignity of the British Empire. But as the love of liberty, and attachment to the real interests and just rights of America outweigh every other consideration, we resolve that we will exert every power within us for the defense of American liberty, and for the support of her just rights and privileges; not on any precipitate, riotous or tumultuous voice of our countrymen. Signed by order and in behalf of the whole corps. Benjamin Ashby, Clerk." View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07008
Subjects: Athens County (Ohio); Forts & fortifications; Lord Dunmore's War, 1774; Cornstalk, Shawnee chief, 1720?-1777; American Indians in Ohio
Places: Hockingport (Ohio); Athens County (Ohio)